It lies between 53 degrees 8'30" and 55 degrees 53'40" North latitude and 36 degrees 59'6 and 40 degrees 33'12" East . In panic and desperation, 50,000 to 60,000 left on foot, mostly women and children, in bitter winter weather. Really interesting, Josh. On the tables appeared geese, ducks, eggs, beef, and apple wine. Despite this unusual provenance, Subbotins diary is not all that different from other Russian soldier diaries I have read, but there is one significant difference. YouTube of the Week Sand Animation of WWII, THE RUSSIAN FRONT New Russian history group blog, More resources for projects | Resource sharing at CHS. Despite having been invited "as a comrade", Korneev exploded at them for offering "such insinuations" against the Red Army. [8] This created a situation in which war crimes by the Soviet armed forces could eventually be rationalized. Report of an eyewitness: Erika Morgenstern, who survived Knigsberg 1945 as a child (in German): This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 23:45. . 65 lat od obawy augustowskiej. But some women were deeply shaken by what they witnessed in Germany. Overrun by General Gatlitsky's 11th Guards Army, his soldiers, crazy with bloodlust, set about raping, looting and killing with such ferocity that eventually . [138], Religious persecution was also widespread, the Soviet government sought to exterminate all forms of organized religion in its occupied territories, often persecuting the Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish churches, the Soviet political police arrested numerous priests, with others being arrested and interrogated by the Soviet NKVD itself, then deported to the interior of the USSR, and killed. Djilas, of whom I could least have expected such a thing, a man whom I received so well! [25][26], In accordance with the MolotovRibbentrop Pact Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940 and renamed the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. [157], Although the Soviet Union had not formally signed the Hague Convention, it considered itself bound by the convention's provisions. Martynas Jankus and the deportation of East Prussian civilians to Russia during World War I, . It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's . Given the delay of publication, there was also little outward censorship, which was fortunate given the political ramifications of atrocity stories in the twentieth century. It is precisely the normality of his tone that is most shocking. These last remaining German residents were expelled in more ethnic cleansing of 1949-50. [54] The NKVD task forces followed the Red Army to remove 'hostile elements' from the conquered territories in what was known as the 'revolution by hanging'. 8 August. [105][pagesneeded][106][bettersourceneeded][107], In addition, fighter bombers of the Soviet air force flew bombing and strafing missions that targeted columns of refugees. 2 . From 1824-1878, East Prussia was combined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia, after which they were re-established as separate provinces. Latvia was included in the Soviet sphere of interest. "Okupowany Krakw - z prorektorem Andrzejem Chwalb rozmawia Rita Pagacz-Moczarska", see bibliogroup:"Dzieje Krakowa: Krakw w latach 1945-1989" in Google Books, https://web.archive.org/web/20080524235517/http://www3.uj.edu.pl/alma/alma/64/01/02.html, "Too awful an image of war: Sixty years on, there are no grounds to withhold images kept in a Finnish Defence Forces' safe", "Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944", Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Texts adopted: Final edition EU-Russia relations", ". . Beevor has written that Red Army soldiers also raped Soviet and Polish women liberated from concentration camps, and he contends that this undermines the revenge explanation,[119] they were often committed by rear echelon units. [22], War crimes by Soviet armed forces against civilians and prisoners of war in the territories occupied by the USSR between 1939 and 1941 in regions including Western Ukraine, the Baltic states and Bessarabia in Romania, along with war crimes in 19441945, have been ongoing issues within these countries. "The Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty. [100], Some historians dispute this, referring to an order issued on 19 January 1945, which required the prevention of mistreatment of civilians. This was one of the reasons that atrocity became such a big storyline in the war itself. East Prussia. As East Prussia was secured by Soviet forces, over 28,000 Germans were sent to labor camps in the Soviet Union, the little machinery left were broken apart and sent to Russian factories, and even herds of cattle were driven back east. And in order to make up for lost time, they drove their horses at a full gallop in order to catch up to the regiment. This is an apolitical forum for discussions on the Axis nations and related topics hosted by the Axis History Factbook in cooperation with Christian Ankerstjernes Panzerworld and Christoph Awender's WW2 day by day. inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books. Breasts of some of the nurses were cut off, the women being brutally raped. [184] There was an outcry against the press in the Soviet Union for depicting the Russian "war heroes" as "murderers", "aggressors", "rapists" and "junkies".[185]. [127], The Soviet Union also committed war crimes in Romania or against Romanians from the beginning of the occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940 all the way to the German invasion in 1941, and later from the expulsion of the Germans in the region until 1958. Many of the Wehrmacht's top commanders came from the area, which had produced highly trained soldiers for centuries. It is organised by the Victor Pinchuk Foundation. The commission also found that the Polish military and civil authorities did their best to prevent such incidents and their recurrence in the future. Arrests took place in all parts in Latvia including rural areas. These include images of slain women and children. They dies of starvation and from Gestapo bullets. Note that Holocaust denial is not allowed. In 1945, at the end of World War II, East Prussia was overrun by Soviet troops and about 600,000 of its civilian inhabitants were killed. A partisan war broke out in response to the atrocities of the destruction battalions, with tens of thousands of men forming the Forest Brothers to protect the local population from these battalions. They say theyve taken back Velikie Luki. Transported in overcrowded cattle wagons, they ended up thousands of kilometres away in southern Russia or Siberia. Needless to say, World War I and World War II were completely different conflicts, especially for a soldier like Putiakov, who was stationed in the Leningrad region during the blockade of the northern capital. He then "spoke agitatedly about the sufferings of the Red Army and the horrors that it was forced to endure while it was fighting through thousands of kilometers of devastated country." 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps). The United States is seeking justice and accountability for Russia's atrocities in Ukraine. In 1939, East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans. [93], By 1939 the Ingrian Finnish population had decreased to about 50,000, which was about 43% of 1928 population figures,[94] and the Ingrian Finn national district was abolished.,[95] Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Leningrad Blockade, in early 1942 all 20,000 Ingrian Finns remaining in Soviet-controlled territory were deported to Siberia. Its capital city was Knigsberg (presentday Kaliningrad). Letters, of course, have the advantage that you send them and they dont weigh down your pack. The habitat of the long-dead Prussian tribe comprises today's province called East Prussia, which forms the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Prussia. It had been one of the strongest pro-German holdouts in the war that formed an independent Latvia after WWI. Kurland had a mixed population of Latvians and Germans. Their appeal was rejected since the court found that Resolution 95 of the United Nations General Assembly, adopted on 11 December 1946, confirmed deportations of civilians as a crime against humanity under international law. Between 1940 and 1941, thousands of Lithuanians were arrested and hundreds of political prisoners were arbitrarily executed. According to sociologist, Prof. Tadeusz Piotrowski, during the years from 1939 to 1941, nearly 1.5 million persons (including both local inhabitants and refugees from German-occupied Poland) were deported from the Soviet-controlled areas of former eastern Poland deep into the Soviet Union, of whom 58.0% were Poles, 19.4% Jews and the remainder other ethnic nationalities. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 21:25, Return to Holocaust & 20th Century War Crimes. "[111][pagesneeded][112][pagesneeded], Accordingly, all evidence such as reports, photos and other documents of looting, rape, the burning down of farms and villages by the Red Army was deleted from all archives in the future GDR. "[160], In a November 1941 report, the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau accused the Red Army of employing "a terror policy against defenseless German soldiers that have fallen into its hands and against members of the German medical corps. Propaganda proclaimed that the Red Army had entered Germany as an avenger to punish all Germans. In September 1939, the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied it in accordance with the secret protocols of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a more systematic, locally controlled discussion of these events has taken place.[23]. According to Soviet sources, 102,125 persons were "resettled" to the GDR in 1947 and 1948, but only 99,481 arrived (GDR authorities attributed this to "perhaps a Soviet calculation error.") In May 1951, another 3,000 East Prussian were shipped to the GDR. On the road to the village we shot about eight spies. Never before had the light of East Prussia seemed so bright, the sky so high, the countryside so vast, as in 1944, wrote Hans Graf von . .] Does the diary change in tone as the author moves through the war? http://russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/, http://www.ggsmn.org/Regional%20Pages/East%20Prussia.htm. [187], In 2003, August Kolk (born 1924), an Estonian national, and Petr Kislyiy (born 1921), a Russian national, were convicted of crimes against humanity by Estonian courts and each sentenced to eight years in prison. Torture was used on a wide scale in various prisons, especially in those prisons that were located in small towns. East Prussia Coat of Arms. You couldnt find any soldiers smoking makhorka (a cheap tobacco js). As so often in war, it was to be defenceless women, girls and even elderly. [9], The early Soviet leaders publicly denounced anti-Semitism,[10] William Korey wrote: "Anti-Jewish discrimination had become an integral part of Soviet state policy ever since the late thirties." Estonians residing in Leningrad Oblast had already been subjected to deportation since 1935. No, theres no full translation of the diary available, Im afraid. Although the passage from Keegan quoted by WalterS certainly referred to 1914, there is nothing in the subsequent comments by WalterS himself that limit them to 1914. I might add that I have studied the First World War in the East rather extensively and I don't believe that the Russian troops behaved substantially worse or better than the troops of other countries. The Russians regarded East Prussia as the seat of German militarism. [177][178][179] The Rauzdi massacre and Padkhwab-e Shana massacre were also documented. Our lieutenant was killed early on, the soldier Seleznev was killed, and others too. The fact that these men were whipped by a German baron for driving their horses too hard (and not for raping the locals) says volumes about relations between soldiers and officers, ethnic groups within the Russian army (which had plenty of ethnically German officers in 1914), and the mundane violence of life on the front starting from the very first days of the war. Jacob Robinson. [131][132][133] Such event has been referred to as the "Romanian Katyn". [notes 1][108][109], The first mayor of the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Walter Kilian, appointed by the Soviets after the war ended, reported extensive looting by Red Army soldiers in the area: "Individuals, department stores, shops, apartments all were robbed blind. by WalterS 14 Nov 2004, 08:29, Post Department of History All Greeks who were wealthy or self-employed professionals were sought for prosecution first. The Soviet refusal to recognize the Hague Conventions also gave Nazi Germany the rationale for its inhuman treatment of captured Soviet military personnel. 40-41, 46-47, 51-53), Peter Antill/Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich, 2005 Osprey Publishing, p. 85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMawdsley1998 (. The Red Army often gave support to the NKVD in the implementation of political repressions. But we had hardly begun feasting when the alarm was raised. General Korneev responded by screaming, "I protest most sharply at this insult given to the Red Army by comparing it with the armies of capitalist countries. Many Russian soldiers, though amazed at the richness of Germany compared to their own country, senselessly destroyed captured cities. Exploding shells were visible, both from us and the Germans. [84][85] Simon Sebag Montefiore estimated that 15 million kulaks and their families were deported by 1937, during the deportation many people died, but the full number is not known. Most of the Ingrian Finns together with Votes and Izhorians living in German-occupied territory were evacuated to Finland in 19431944. [171] Up to 2 million Afghans were killed by the Soviet forces and their proxies. Russian President Vladimir Putin's forces in Ukraine have destroyed apartment buildings, schools, hospitals, shopping centers and ambulances, leaving thousands of civilians killed or wounded. It feels as if there is almost a tiredness about it. After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the incipient Soviet political apparatus was either destroyed or retreated eastward. The division remained in the village of Olshanka, and on the 31st we set out in the direction of Magriboven. To the contrary, I think many shifts occur very quickly and at the very outset of the war. East Prussia, July 1944 Alastair Noble The Red Army's advance towards the frontiers of East Prussia in the summer of 1944 raised the spectre of the war coming home to Germany. Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory. Why not wink at the comrades who courted two girls they grabbed off the road and dragged into the rye? Libra. [169][170], Scholars Mohammad Kakar, W. Michael Reisman and Charles Norchi believe that the Soviet Union was guilty of committing a genocide in Afghanistan. Over 2,400 civilians were killed. East Prussia (Ostpreuen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 to 1945. [155] Indeed, the incidence of rape committed in the Far East was far less than the number of incidents committed by Soviet soldiers in Europe. [44], Another example of the destruction battalions' actions is the Kautla massacre, where twenty civilians were murdered and tens of farms destroyed. all that solves the population problem a man might consider evil, id call it nature, heres to another century of glorious violence . Stalin climaxed with the words, "And such an Army was insulted by no one else but Djilas! "Unheard-of Brutality": Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson; Alexander Watson. On the second, we stayed in place and went on field patrol. Lines of horse-drawn carts laden with women, children and painstakingly trussed-up . WalterS -- We don't permit racial slurs here, even when accompanied by the prefix "detestable term." The rest were sent to labour battalions where around 12,000 died, mainly in the early months of the war. by WalterS 09 Nov 2004, 17:22, Post The battle lasted all day and night on the first of August. On the way, they ran into the commander of the division, General Gurko, and his adjutant Lieutenant Argnold, who ordered them to be given five lashes for overworking their horses. [156], The Soviet Army committed crimes against the Japanese civilian populations and surrendered military personnel in the closing stages of World War II during the assaults on Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. [120], According to Norman Naimark, after the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians usually received punishments ranging from arrest to execution. Life in the Third Reich & Weimar Republic, Kriegsmarine surface ships and Kriegsmarine in general, Luftwaffe air units and Luftwaffe in general, German Strategy & General German Military Discussion, NSDAP, other party organizations & Government, The Dieter Zinke Axis Biographical Research Section, The Ron Klages Panzer & other vehicles Section, Panzer & other vehicles - Photo threads, Axis Documents, Feldpost numbers, Postcards & Other Paper Items, The United Kingdom & its Empire and Commonwealth 1919-45, The Allies and the Neutral States in general, German Colonies and Overseas Expeditions, The end of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1923, Translation help: Breaking the Sound Barrier, Imperial Russian Atrocities in East Prussia (1914), http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/memoir/ oland1.htm, http://eric.stamen.com/ww1/sexualhistory/. [113] These figures do not include up to 125,000 civilian deaths in the Battle of Berlin. Women and young girls were raped and left to die. [74], The attitude of Soviet servicemen towards ethnic Poles was better than their attitude towards the Germans, but it was not entirely better. Thousands of Breslau civilians had waited to evacuate the city when they heard news of the Soviet advance on January 14, 1945.They could not evacuate until 6 days later because of rail damage and battles. East Prussia (Ostpreuen), a former province of Prussia and the 2. und 3. It was from East Prussia that the Teutonic Knights launched forays into Poland and the Baltic regions in the 13th and 14th centuries. [111], A study published by the German government in 1974 estimated the number of German civilian victims of crimes during expulsion of Germans after World War II between 1945 and 1948 to be over 600,000, with about 400,000 deaths in the areas east of Oder and Neisse (ca. At four in the morning, Riazanov and Iurchuk arrived. Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939), Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Soviet partisan units conducted raids deep inside Finnish territory, NKVD and attached units of the Red Army massacred prisoners, Flight and evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II, Flight and expulsion of Germans (194450), Rape during the occupation of Germany Soviet Military, evacuation of civilians before the advancing Red Army, forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Kulchabat, Bala Karz and Mushkizi massacre, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, crackdown against Lithuanian civilians in January 1991, Crimes against humanity under communist regimes, Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, List of Soviet Union perpetrated war crimes, War crimes and atrocities of the Waffen-SS, "How Putin Manipulates Russians Using Revisionist History", "For Russians, Stalin is the 'most outstanding' figure in world history, followed by Putin", Controversial Reports on the Situation of the Jews in Poland in the Aftermath of World War, "CommunistCrimes.org Historical Introduction", "Soviet mass violence in Estonia revisited", Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Deportation from Estonia in 1941 and 1949, 70th anniversary of deportation and uprising of 1941, The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940-1941, "Deportation of 14 June 1941: crime against humanity: materials of an International Conference 12-13 June. Djilas, who was present at the meeting, spoke up and explained the British Army had never engaged in "such excesses" while liberating the other regions of Yugoslavia. Much of the region was incinerated by the RAF in 1944, and finally overrun by the Soviet Red Army in early 1945. On Page 234 of his . Our artillery got into position, and we extended into a line. The war crimes and crimes against humanity which were perpetrated by the Soviet Union and its armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army) as well as acts which were committed by the NKVD, including acts which were committed by the NKVD's Internal Troops. Furniture and larger objects of art, etc. [182] Deserters from the Soviet Army in 1984 claimed that they had heard of Afghan women being raped. Your email address will not be published. [16], The pogroms were condemned by the Red Army high command and guilty units were disarmed, while individual pogromists were court-martialed. After the feast I lay down to sleep next to my horse Gabalnik and soon fell asleep. . The Soviets deployed mustard gas bombs during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang. A school boy named Tullio Lindsaar had all of the bones in his hands broken then was bayoneted for hoisting the flag of Estonia. [34], On 14 June 1941, and the following two days, 9,254 to 10,861 people, mostly urban residents, of them over 5,000 women and over 2,500 children under 16,[35][36][37][38][39][40] 439 Jews (more than 10% of the Estonian Jewish population)[41] were deported, mostly to Kirov Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast or prisons. I have another in front of me right now (I. S. Iakovlev), and the entries in this one are even less informative, i.e. Indiscipline hampered the cohesion and fighting ability of the troops (remember Subbotin's drunk and hungover men in the midst of battle). According to American professor Carroll Quigley, at least one third of the 320,000 Polish prisoners of war captured by the Red Army in 1939 were murdered. Nazi behaviour in Russia during the war is also analysed along with the actions of . is there a full translation of the diary please. For the same reason, I dont really think that World War I brutalized warfare as such in any substantial way. Cum au fost omori 3.000 de romni, la grania cu Romnia, pe 1 aprilie 1941, de Pate", "75 Years Since 'The Romanian Katyn' Massacre At Fntna Alb 3,000 Romanians Killed", "Commemoration of Fntna Alb massacre: tears, grief, gratitude", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb. Founded in 1999. At the time and long afterwards, German sources insisted that East Prussia had been despoiled and its inhabitants violated by the invading Russian troops in the time period between the Russian invasion and the German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes that drove the Russians back on their side of the border. According to Yugoslav politician Milovan Djilas, at least 121 cases of rape were documented, 111 of which also involved murder. More languages. David M. '70 and Linda Roth Professor of History The most common causes of death were hunger, cold and oppressive transportation. Following WWI, East Prussia became an enclave cut off from the rest of Germany as the land between West and East Prussia was ceded to Poland. [118], The explanation of "revenge" is disputed by Beevor, at least with regard to the mass rapes. [69] In 1945 alone, the number of members of the Polish Underground State who were deported to Siberia and various labor camps in the Soviet Union reached 50,000. Lithuania was then occupied by Nazi Germany for a little over three years. The Russian rapes caused many German women to commit suicide. [139], Thousands of Transylvanian Saxons would later be deported from 1944 to 1949 under Soviet occupation, with hundreds or even thousands dying on their way to camps in Siberia and Central Asia before being able to come back to their home country.[140]. Many of the bodies were horribly mutilated, ears and noses cut off and genital organs amputated and stuffed into their mouths. The procedure was established by the Serov Instructions. [188], In 2004, Vassili Kononov, a Soviet partisan during World War II, was convicted by Latvian supreme court as a war criminal for killing three women, one of whom was pregnant. Following World War II and the subsequent suppression of the Lithuanian Forest Brothers, the Soviet authorities executed thousands of resistance fighters and civilians whom they accused of aiding them. The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during the First World War, lasting from August to September 1914. After the reconquest by the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking with the support of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th Panzer Division on 18 February 1943 the Wehrmacht soldiers discovered numerous deaths. Data from the Soviet archives indicates 2.4 million Kulaks were deported from 1930 to 1934. [70][71] Units of the Red Army carried out campaigns against Polish partisans and civilians. [21] As an internal security force and a prison guard contingent of the Gulag, the Internal Troops repressed political dissidents and engaged in war crimes during periods of military hostilities throughout Soviet history. No more than half of those men were used for military service. Jerzy Wgierski, Lww pod okupacj sowieck 19391941, Warszawa 1991, Editions Spotkania, "W czterdziestym nas Matko na Sibir zesali". They were found guilty of deportations of Estonians in 1949. [180], In order to separate the mujahideen from the local populations and eliminate their support, the Soviet army killed and drove off civilians, and used scorched earth tactics to prevent their return. The Krlis Ulmanis government was removed, and new illegitimate elections were held on 21 June 1940 with only one party listed, "electing" a fake parliament which made resolution to join the Soviet Union, with the resolution having already been drawn up in Moscow prior the election. The dates below are old style (13 days behind the western calendar), and the place names are straight transliterations from the Russian (thus Suvalki rather than Suwaki). This was the first incursion into 'The Reich' and the German propoganda machine made much of the Russian atrocities commited in places like Nemmersdorf. More Poles were settled in southern East Prussia, renamed the "Warminsko- Mazurskie Voivodship." 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War crimes by the Soviet armed forces could eventually be rationalized some women were shaken! Rauzdi massacre and Padkhwab-e Shana massacre were russian atrocities in east prussia documented horse-drawn carts laden women!