Following joint damage, two factors combine to alter the mechanical sensitivity of articular nociceptors. B. grow and develop. Kindle Edition. The stronger the stimulus, the larger the action potential. E) it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers. Q. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation due to recurring airway collapse during sleep. 2. constraint pkLog primary key (username, exerciseName) <> A. Lumbar and sacral. \begin{aligned} Nerve impulses responsible for the sensation of taste are carried in all of the following cranial nerves except: a. VII. A. Pacinian corpuscles B. Meissners corpuscles C. Muscle spindles D. Free nerve endings E. Hair root plexus, Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following? C) pain. The ________ detect movement of the head. A. osmoreceptors B. photoreceptors C. mechanoreceptors D. nociceptors E. thermoreceptors, Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve? A nociceptors can be further divided into two types (it appears to exist proximately 50% of each type). username varchar(50) not null, OC. Instead, they are activated in response to pathological change. Question: All of the following are true of nociceptors except Question options: are encapsulated use type C fibers are tonic in nature are chemoceptors use. I used to dismiss pain creams as too lightweight for my chronic pain. What happens several minutes after a heating pas has been applied to an individual skin? Both fatigue and sensitization are observed. instructorEmail varchar(100) not null, The thalamus relays all sensory information to the cerebral cortex except a. smell. All of the following features of the Earth are important to life as we know it except: a. abundant surface water in the liquid state. Which of the following cranial nerves conveys taste and general sensation from the posterior third of the tongue? Describe the structures responsible for the special senses of taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision. a) Optic Nerve b) Olfactory Nerve c) Trigeminal Nerve d) Glossopharyngeal Nerve. In humans, depth perception is possible because. password varchar(50) not null, MSG is often used as a seasoning to enhance the flavors of meat, fish, and vegetables. C) it must received by the somatosensory cortex. which of the following is an example of a sense receptor? Which type of receptor signals that your stomach is full after a big meal? They exhibit sensory adaptation. Optimal color vision occurs in the fovea, a depression in the retina where most of the ________ are located. What are some of the metrics used to measure health outcomes. Temperature regulation b. ________ is the conscious awareness and interpretation of a stimulus. The patient cannot feel anything on her right arm or right leg or sense any touch. Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors. Suppose a suggestion was made to also use the earned run average as another independent variable in part ( c). For the given state of plane strain, use Mohr's circle to determine (a) the orientation and magnitude of the principal strains, (b) the maximum in-plane strain, (c) the maximum shearing strain. C. touch. C. Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face. d. all of the above. Some people say that the neuropathic pain they experience is a constant sensation. c. joints, ligaments, and muscles. Nociceptors, although polymodal, can be further divided into two main classes on the basis of response to mechanical stimuli, leading to a distinction between mechanically sensitive afferents (MSA) and mechanically insensitive afferents (MIA) defined as afferents that have very high mechanical thresholds or are unresponsive to mechanical stimuli. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. d) Pressure. For example, the damaged areas could include the skin, muscles, bones, or other tissues. There are two types of nociceptive pain: Somatic, which originates in your arms, legs, face, muscles, tendons, and superficial areas of your body, and visceral, which originates from your internal organs (for example . Lower extremities. 2005; 320:201-206, Ashton IK, Ashton BA, Gibson SJ, Polak JM,Jaffray DC,Eisenstein SM. A. trochlear B. optic C. olfactory D. vestibulocochlear, Which cranial nerve is somatic motor to muscle for expression and the stapedius muscle, is parasympathetic with taste fibers and fibers to the lacrimal submandibular, and sublingual glands, is sensory in terms to touch, pain, and temperature from back of, Classify each cranial nerve as sensory, motor, or mixed: a. Olfactory b. | Find, read and cite all the research . Chemicals in food. Which of the following is responsible for the perception of smell? A. Somatic motor B. Somatic sensory C. Visceral motor D. Visceral sensory. Sensory receptors are grouped into categories based on the, A stimulus that is strong enough to trigger an action potential is said to be above. Which type of taste receptor cell responds to MSG? First, physical changes (joint effusion and tissue edema) alter the resting and movement-induced forces exerted on the joint tissues, and second, inammatory mediators released within the damaged tissue sensitize articular nociceptive afferents by binding to receptors on the nerve endings. A. Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with efferent fibers. Nociceptive stimulation of viscera leads to diffuse pain that is difficult to localize. This often occurs in truck drivers, sailors, and other people who focus on the horizon or at great distances for long periods of time. Nociception refers to a signal arriving at the central nervous system as a result of the stimulation of specialised sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system called nociceptors. A. rapid, predictable, and can be learned responses B. involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior C. autonomic only D. always mediated by the brain, Tactile receptors that respond to pressure are examples of: A. osmoreceptors B. photoreceptors C. mechanoreceptors D. nociceptors E. thermoreceptors, Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________. stream Weegy: A geology student finds a rock formation composed of sedimentary rock. The vestibulocochlear nerves are involved in a. vision and hearing. Nociceptors are activated by potentially noxious stimuli,as such nociception is the physiological process by which body tissues are protected from damage. \hline \text { username } & \text { exerciseName } & \text { score } & \text { submitted } \\ For example, in comparison to water, the cell membrane is relatively impermeable to sodium and chloride ions, mannitol. Two chemicals are of particular interest: ATP is the energy-carrying molecule in all cells of the body. Which adaptation to the eye would you expect to find? The following are examples of renewable energy resources EXCEPT A. tidal forcesnuclear energyB. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A cell specialized to respond to a particular type of stimulus is a A) saccule. Nociceptors in intervertebral discs are normally limited to the outer third of the annulus, could be the substrate for discogenic pain when they are expanded over the larger annular area and penetrate further into the degenerated disk along the vasculature and ssures. A. A. pain B. temperature C. touch D. balance/equilibrium E. pressure, Transduction refers to conversion of ________. All of the following organizations are examples of social service NFPs except: A) Junior League. The location may seem vague. Keep in mind, these transmitted pain signals are complex, carrying information about both the location and intensity of the painful stimuli. The neuropeptide substance P has been reported to be present predominantly in nociceptive afferent fibres. Others report episodes that come and go. 1) The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except A) temperature. $$ [11] In contrast to the hyperalgesia following intense noxious stimuli, prolonged exposure to capsaicin can result in subsequent desensitization.While the discovery of thermosensitive TRP channels has greatly enhanced our understanding of transduction mechanisms of thermal stimuli, findings in animals with selective gene deletions clearly indicate that multiple and yet unknown transduction mechanisms are engaged by thermal stimuli. &\text { AGSLog }\\ Experimental Brain Research. However, some studies clearly demonstrate that vagal afferents convey information about high intensity mechanical stimuli to the central nervous system. The transient receptor potential (TRP) multigene superfamily encodes integral membrane proteins that function as ion channels. E) Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones. Damage to ________ cranial nerve may impair the sense of taste. Receptors for olfaction and gustation are _______. If the doctor says you have a middle ear infection, which of the following could be involved? A. endobj Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are _____. Effects of an experimental arthritis on the sensory properties of fine articular afferent units. This sends pain radiating down your leg or arm. A. Corneal reflex B. Auditory reflex C. Vestibular-ocular reflex D. Direct light reflex E. Tympanic reflex, Which of the following cranial nerves is not purely sensory? [16], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. A. Sildalis dosages: 120 mg Sildalis packs: 10 pills, 20 pills, 30 pills, 60 pills, 90 pills, 120 pills, 180 pills, 270 pills, 360 pills. The cell bodies of nociceptors are located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for the periphery and the trigeminal ganglion for the face. b. a rich supply of water-soluble ions and simple compounds. They play a pivotal role in how you feel and react to pain. The five distinctly different tastes that stimulate receptors on the human tongue are ________, ________, ________, ________, and ________. The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The distribution of these bers varies among organs. b. pressure. Those C- and A bers are likely responsible for transmitting pain responses. A. unmyelinated B. primarily low-threshold mechanoreceptors C. associated with sharp, pricking sensation D. activated before other nociceptors with acute trauma Answer: C Learning Objectives: Be familiar with the receptors involved in the physiology of pain. Any cell that generates an electrical signal in response to a stimulus is a ________ receptor. A cell specialized to respond to a particular type of stimulus is a. Cones are specialized to detect which of the following types of stimuli? N-(CaV2.2) and T-(Cav3) type voltage-gated calcium channels are key in nociceptive processing. What are the mechanoreceptors involved with proprioception? B) abnormal receptor function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact. 1943;6:293315, Schaible HG, Schmidt RF. An infection or injury commonly causes this type of pain. Pain producing stimuli in the viscera including traction on the mesentery, inflammation, distension of hollow muscular-walled organs such as gastrointestinal, urinary tract, gall bladder and strong contractions of muscle layers surrounding such hollow organs, chemicals irritants or ischaemia in organs such as the heart. D) both taste buds and olfactory receptors. D) the two eyes have overlapping visual fields. C. Merkel cells. contains the new records after the program runs. \hline \text { abc } & \text { e1 } & 9 & 1 \\ 'g& nanoreceptors. constraint pkAGSStudent primary key (username) Sensory endings located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear are called a. exteroceptors. Special senses have a complex neuronal pathway, special sense organs with Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Complex sensory receptors, which consist of a dedicated receptor cell and afferent sensory neuron, transduce stimuli as a graded potential called a _________ potential. What symptoms indicate that the auditory tube is blocked? *fz)dn@\^2w3M86}mDgk# u#&lad6}"MHK6&Z`ZtPl|l,ely(tCR.:\tbOMgd4 ,`X\ ;d\X\^p$&aX6+v(.I]n The posterior longitudinal ligament and the outer annulus brosus layers of intervertebral disc contain plenty of nociceptive bers. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Why is it that one cannot identify the . exerciseName varchar(100), /* This is the exercise */ Such inflammatory mediators (substance P, bradykinin, phospholipase A2) have been detected in the facet joint capsule.[13]. False, Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________. Equipment costing $20,000 that is a MACRS 5- ycar property is disposed of during the second year for$15,000. constraint pkCustomExercise primary key _x = +300, _y = +60, _{xy} = +100 endobj Awareness of changes in external and internal environments is known as A) sensation. False. Garland EL. C fibres mediate poorly localized anatomically type of pain, it has an aching and burning character, comes later than the initial first sensation and it is difficult to estimate its strength. LR o$tik:\XEe:HKtlSYK{8#Qp&R\JC!O0>c| l~ x/6kMKDo'':z$Uq'y{^ This type of pain is often stimulated by movement. Ngassapa DN. A . \hline \text { wbc } & \mathrm{e} 2 & 7 & 1 \\ $$ Purves D, Augustine GJ. Nociceptors are activated by potentially noxious stimuli, as such nociception is the physiological process by which body tissues are protected from damage . It causes numbness, weakness, and tingling or feelings of pins and needles among other symptoms. The eyes encompasses several complex structures that facilitate visual perception. c) Aging of the population. 1992;10(1):72-78. All of the following would be sensed by mechanoreceptors except a. hearing. \end{aligned} Frequent action potentials are interpreted as loudness in the brain. a) Vibration. A. All of the following are examples of general senses except: a. temperature b. proprioception c. All of the following are considered general senses except: a. smell. C fiber afferents can be divided into two classes based on their response to mechanical stimuli. \hline \text { c@ gmail.com } & \text { e1 } & 4 \\ User: Question 15 (5 points) A zone of metamorphism around a source of heat, such as a body of magma, is known as a/an Weegy: Aureole is a zone of metamorphism around a source of heat . As a result, after an acute injury, a person experiences pain in two phases, one from the A fibers and one from the C fibers.. Thomas is deaf, but can feel the vibrations of music through sensory receptors in his skin called: A. lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles. D. sight. gZ(=`fD\Jh{} B+el QAM\)v{_o+ Ability to recognize objects by sensation of touch b. B) taste. e. equilibrium. A. biomarkers at specific time points following a painful stimulus. In terms of local length, how far is the camera lens from the film when very distant objects are being photographed? A. ophthalmic B. maxillary C. cervical D. mandibular, The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers. What are the four types of sensory receptors for the general senses? The second type is C fiber axons, which are not surrounded by myelin, and thus transmit action potentials at a slower speed., Due to the difference in transmission speed between the A and C fibers, the pain signals from the A fibers reach the spinal cord first. D) vibration. The ________ ear not only detects sound, but also detects gravity and movement. d. olfactory receptors. Treatment. Nature 1997; 389:816824, Bjur D, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. The innervation pattern of the human Achilles tendon: studies of the normal and tendinosis tendon with markers for general and sensory innervation. Hair cells in the human ear are located on the. a. Comparison of functional characteristics of intradental A- and C-nerve fibres in dental pain. [13] In a normal state, nociceptors such as those seen in the facet joint capsule have a high threshold and would not be expected to discharge unless loads are supraphysiologic. c o m \\ All of the following are true of nociceptors except Question options: are encapsulated use type C . When an injury occurs (such accidentally cutting your finger with a knife), the stimulated nociceptors activate the A fibers, causing a person to experience sharp, prickling pain. True B. Sensory neurons are simple nerve endings or capsulated neurons that communicate directly with interneurons of the CNS (spinal cord and brain). crossed-extensor reflex stretch . Sour sensations occur when H+ binds to taste receptor cells. Which of the following is a characteristic of A-delta fibers? this is the one responsible for the detection of physical distortion (pressure, touch, vibration). endobj Data of interest could include, for example: Molecular profiling and spatial distribution of visceral nociceptors; Anatomical or functional localization of nociceptive or otherwise pain-mediating fibers within nerves Not every nociceptor responds to each type of noxious stimuli. 2010; 35(4):E101-4. A. effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor B. receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector C. effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor D. receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector, The patellar "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a(n) ________. Which of the following roots extend as the cauda equina? List the different types of tactile receptors in the skin and the primary functions of each. The white of the human eye's exterior is actually the. at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron. Optic nerve b. Vestibulocochlear nerve c. hypoglossal nerve d. Olfactory nerve, Which of the following controls the motor enervation of skeletal muscles? You take a drink of scalding coffee and it burns your tongue. B) sensory perception. D)Liver. Define the following key anatomical reference terms: dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal, mid-sagittal, horizontal, coronal, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal . c. proprioceptors. Brain region for integration Characteristics Perception: conscious awareness Occurs in cerebral cortex Adaptation: decreased receptor response during prolonged stimulation Decreased perception Adaptation speed varies with receptor Rapid adaptation: pressure, touch, smell Slow adaptation: pain, body position, chemical levels in blood . \end{array} c) Gall bladder and the right shoulder. Visceral pain is pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs). receptor specificity. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1)This organ does not have nociceptors. False, Pacinian corpuscles can be exteroceptors, interoceptors, or proprioceptor, A. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. All of the following nerves are classified solely as motor nerves except: a. Oculomotor nerve. Last medically reviewed on October 12, 2017. Radicular pain occurs when the nerve roots are irritated. There are three types of receptor cells in your skin, which include all of the following EXCEPT: nociceptors. Pain. d. cortex. \hline \text { cde } & \text { p2 } & \text { Yao Mi } & \text { c@ } @ m a i l . Ruffini endings- These are also encapsulated, present in the dermis. $$ Type Amedium diameter myelinated afferents that mediate acute, well-localized, sharp pricking type pain, known as group III afferent. 1. lamellated corpuscle. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Receptor molecules that are particularly important for the function of muscle nociceptors are acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) that open at a low tissue pH, P2X3 receptors that are activated by binding adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the transient receptor potential receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1) that is sensitive to high temperatures, capsaicin chemical, and low pH. 2. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. a) Proprioceptive information from the knee joint b) Pain sensation from the fingertip c) Visual stimulation from the retina of the eye d) Vasoconstriction impulse sent to the b, Sense of touch; understanding what we are touching: a) Parietal lobe b) Primary motor cortex c) Fusiform area d) Prefrontal cortex e) Temporal lobe f) Frontal lobe g) Primary somatosensory cortex h) Occipital lobe, Which of the following would be classified as special sensory information? Cell Tissue Res. These sensations create awareness of your body's positioning. Headaches and cuts are both considered somatic pain. e) All of the choices are correct. Which of the following special sensory neural pathways is closely associated with the limbic system and does not pass through the thalamus? instructorEmail varchar(100), [3] Type I A high-threshold mechanoreceptors units are densely distributed in hairy and glabrous skin. A 2. d. all of the above. The spinal nerves supply all body parts except which of the following. C) do not have the photopigments stimulated by red or green light. thermoreceptors. &\begin{array}{|l|l|l|} doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.025. TRPM8 and TRPV3/4 encode cool and warm, respectively, TRPA1 transduces noxious cold and TRPV1/2 sense noxious heat. A 1. b. . d. encapsulated proprioceptors. a) Ureters and inner thighs. skin), deep somatic (e.g. Sildalis 120 mg generic with visa Explore the protective structures, anterior eye, and the use of tears & secretions in the eyes. These afferents respond to heat and various noxious chemical stimuli (e.g., capsaicin, histamine) and are often considered to be chemoreceptors. Examples include extreme temperatures (see sidebar), electrical shocks, hypoxic conditions (lack of oxygen), or exposure to toxic substances . What are the two main functions of the choroid layer, located behind the retina in humans? Some of the thermosensitive TRP channels respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli as well. Also, the application of a particular stimulus for a given length of time may induce long-term changes in the response properties of the nociceptor. E) Cornea aqueous humor pupil lens vitreous humor retina. High-threshold receptors exclusively innervate organs from which pain is the only conscious sensation (i.e., ureter, kidney, lungs, heart), but are relatively few in organs that provide innocuous and noxious sensations (e.g., colon, stomach, and bladder), innervated mostly by low-threshold receptors. sharp : A Which of the following is a neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first- and second-order neurons? Odor molecules diffuse through mucus and bind directly to the ________ of olfactory receptors. PMID 18583048, Basbaum AI, Jessell T. The Perception of Pain. The nociceptors can also detect chemical and thermal damage. Free nerve endings respond to? A. vagus B. accessory C. glossopharyngeal D. hypoglossal. Owls can thus descend on their prey without a sound. There are three small bones in the inner ear. Acta Orthop Scand. Give the most appropriate answer. &\text { AGSLog after the program runs }\\ Neurotrophins (NTs), proteins that modulate the functioning and development of . There are five different types of sensory receptors found within the body. $$ Many nociceptors of the joint respond to innocuous movements but are increasingly activated when movements exceed the physiological working range, whereas other nociceptors are active exclusively during noxious movements. A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called? However, in the same study, the nerve ber density in the peritendineum of the rat calcaneal tendon was found to be several times higher than that in the GS muscle. Besides the Facial Nerve, which of the following also controls motor function of the facial muscles? The TRP channel family is of interest because several members have been implicated in nociceptor signal transduction.Noxious cold and noxious heat stimuli are detected by A and C fiber nociceptors. Visceral nociceptors do not respond to cutting or burning injuries like their counterparts in the peripheral cutaneous tissue. \hline \text { abc } & \text { e2 } & & 0 \\ Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. $$. \end{aligned} True B. Read more, Physiopedia 2023 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no. J Orthop Res. Free nerve endings terminating in the skin are the machinery for signaling local mechanical, thermal, and chemical changes. transducer. E) sensory receptor., Cones are specialized to detect which of the following types of stimuli? (a) cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c) medulla oblongata (d) thalamus (e) hypothalamus. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. By Erica Jacques Inflammatory mediators include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, SP, thromboxanes, platelet-activating factor, purines such as adenosine and ATP, protons, and free radicals. a. light b. touch c. temperature d. sound e. smell, What kind of stimuli can the internal ear sense? 3. They are also called as somatic sensations. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. b. mechanoreceptor. After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. (a) Oculomotor (b) Abducens (c) Trochlear (d) Optic (e) Trigeminal. tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. c. Trochlear nerve. ATP activates purinergic P2X3 receptors in nociceptors causing a discharge. results. Which structure transmits sound waves to the malleus in the middle ear? 53. Reeves AG, et al. However, there is no record in AGSLog if a student did not submit the exercise. Neuron patterns controlling transmission of ipsilateral hindlimb reflexes in cat. . Innervation of Achilles tendons human is provided by nerves from the surrounding muscles and by small fasciculi from cutaneous nerves but this involves all nerve ending. p.533 Chapter 24: Sense Organs 3 Q 3. b. vibration. A. type of stimulus detected B. location in the body C. structural complexity D. sensitivity to a stimulus, The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve. c. they are not present in the nervous tissue of the brain. 1963; 33:117. When the brain receives the signals, it has a perception of the pain thats being felt. Meyer RA, Ringkamp M, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? 1995;483:747-758, Schepers RJ, Ringkamp M. Thermoreceptors and thermosensitive afferents. Select the correct definition. ?* tks?UZMU>in,kyY& ,J f !Iy #/!N{3w.26\l6V6vFMp6F8cdt#Q!y/ .{&b=:M`L[s9JRQ| Iq_ B. smell. CBT is. 1 0 obj 01/17/2023. \hline \text { c@ gmail.com } & \text { e4 } & 20 \\ Meissner corpuscles- An encapsulated nerve ending, present at the upper part of the dermis. A) 100,000 to 500,000. The main purpose of a nociceptor is to respond to damage to the body by transmitting signals to the spinal cord and brain.. 1988;25:219-221, Tanelian DL. c. IX. c. taste. Special senses include what? Optic c. Oculomotor d. Trochlear e. Trigeminal f. Abducens g. Facial h. Vestibularcochlear i. Glossopharyngeal j. Vagus k. Accessory l. Hypoglossal, Stereognosis is: a. Nociceptors can be activated by three types of stimulus within the target tissue - temperature (thermal), mechanical (e.g stretch/strain) and chemical (e.g. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1996;73(3):207-9. regions? New research revealed that combining cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with tailored exercises could significantly support pain management. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. Optometrists, who help patients with their vision problems, know that certain types of repetitive use of the muscles around the lens of the eye can "train" the lens to become flatter than normal. Unencapsulated receptors: free nerve endings in skin, joints, viscera, oral cavity Modality (type of stimulus):-mechanoreceptors: stretch, displacement, pressure \hline \text { t@gmail.com } & \text { e1 } & 10 \\ Average fibre diameter is below 2mm and conductive velocity is 2 m/s or less. ); Prim Care. (a) mechanoreceptors (b) photoreceptors (c) autoreceptors (d) chemoreceptors. Examples of nociceptive pain include pain from a burn, bruise, infection, or bone or muscular injury, all of which are usually temporary but may continue for an extended period of time in some . A. presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses B. stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential C. receptor energy to stimulus energy D. afferent impulses to efferent impulses.